Pacific Islanders

This paper examines some of the socio‐demographic changes which have occurred in the Pacific‐descent population in New Zealand in the last decade. It examines significant shifts which have occurred in the social and economic characteristics of overseas and locally‐born sub‐populations and identifies some of the factors which have produced these. The chapter points to the growing internal socio‐demographic diversity within the Pacific population and argues that we may need to think about this population in different ways in the near future.     

Women

In New Zealand while women dominate leadership positions in constitutional, political and business areas, gender inequality remains entrenched. Despite significant gains in rights (employment, pay equity, property), as a group women earn less and perform more family care and unpaid work than men. In part these disparities result from the economic restructuring of the last 15 years which saw a loss in unskilled manufacturing jobs, less social support and greater rewards to business and public sector elites. Maori and Pacific Island women are the most disadvantaged groups. Labour/Alliance government initiatives to reduce poverty particularly among Maori and Pacific Island peoples by strengthening access to health and education services and supporting and replicating successful community initiatives are also likely to benefit other low income women.     

北疆不同类型棉田节肢动物群落结构与多样性

运用群落生态学方法研究了北疆棉田不同邻作、灌溉方式对棉田节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响及其在不同年份的变化趋势。结果表明,不同的邻作方式能改变棉田节肢动物群落结构,邻作小麦增加棉田天敌种类,邻作玉米增加棉田天敌个体数,对棉田害虫有较强的控制作用,而邻作西红柿作用相对较弱,生产上应充分利用邻作小麦和玉米的有利作用。2003年滴灌棉田节肢动物群落多样性指数(0.7250)和均匀度(0.2111)均大于沟灌棉田(0.1924、0.0605),群落更稳定;不同年份棉田节肢动物群落结构和多样性变化大,说明气候因素是影响节肢动物群落结构和多样性的主要原因。     

中国北方棉区转基因抗虫棉对棉苗蚜及其两种天敌的影响（英）

2001年田间小区试验研究了转Bt基因棉和转双价基因(Bt+CpTI)棉对棉苗蚜及其天敌种群动态的影响;室内研究了转基因抗虫棉对两种棉蚜天敌的生物学影响.结果表明,转基因抗虫棉对棉蚜种群数量的影响不明显,未达显著水平.单作转基因棉田棉蚜发生期比麦套棉田提前5天左右,发生数量是麦套棉田的1.6倍,表明麦棉套作可有效的控制苗蚜的为害.室内研究表明,异色瓢虫对用Bt棉处理的的棉蚜的捕食量比对照增加22.0%,棉蚜茧蜂对用Bt棉处理的棉蚜的寄主率降低23.5%.     

梯田田坎水分耗散及其对作物产量的影响初探

通过对陕北丘陵沟壑区梯田土壤水分及作物产量监测结果的分析，认为田坎水分蒸发对田面土壤水分的减少作用，在距田坎１ｍ距离内是明显的，它使作物单株产量较坡地减少了１８．２％，理论计算表明：１ｍ高田坎水分损失１０．９％，２ｍ高田坎水分损失１１．２％。     

Nesting ground abandonment by the maleo (Macrocephalon maleo) in North Sulawesi: Identifying conservation priorities for Indonesia’s endemic megapode

The maleo (Macrocephalon maleo) is an endemic bird of Sulawesi that lays eggs in communal nesting grounds incubated by solar or geothermal sources. In recent years, maleo nesting grounds have become increasingly vulnerable to threats associated with the growing human population of the island. Consequently, the maleo has become one of the most imperiled bird species in Indonesia and is classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. We report on the 2004 status of maleo nesting grounds in North Sulawesi focusing on the Bogani Landscape, the region in and around Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, where the nesting grounds are concentrated. We compare our results to those of a similar study in 1990-1991, examining changes in nesting ground status in relation to habitat and land use factors such as protection status, geographic position (coastal or inland), and distance to forest, human settlements, and roads. Nesting grounds were more likely to be abandoned if they were: (a) in coastal areas; (b) near settlements and roads; and (c) not in protected areas. Binary logistic regression identified connectivity between nesting grounds and forest in 1991 as the best predictor of whether or not sites were abandoned by maleo over the next 12 years; a loss of local continuity between nesting grounds and forest is associated with a sixfold increase in the probability of abandonment. Access to forest was itself highly correlated with other variables examined, and thus represented a composite index of threats to maleo. The application of this model to the 2004 data identified six active nesting grounds that are at high risk of abandonment in the near future, seven at intermediate risk, and five at low risk. These results offer conservationists priorities for future maleo conservation.     

Long-term continuous cropping in the Pacific Northwest: Tillage and fertilizer effects on winter wheat, spring wheat, and spring barley production

Conventional tillage winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) (WW)–summer fallow reduces soil productivity and increases soil erosion. Conservation tillage management, together with intensive cropping may have the potential to reverse these sustainability concerns. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) systems on grain yield of long-term annual cropping of monoculture WW, spring wheat (SW), and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) (SB) grown with or without fertilizer, in the Pacific Northwest region of the USA. In unfertilized crops, grain yield of WW, SW, and SB was 15%, 25%, and 50% higher, respectively, in CT than in NT plots, an indication of the involvement of yield limiting factors under the NT cropping system. When fertilized, there were no significant differences in grain yield of WW. Yields of SW and SB, however, remained 21% and 15% higher, respectively, in CT than in NT, an indication that factors other than fertility were involved. These results suggest that in order for NT management to be widely adopted by area growers, the yield-limiting factors need to be addressed.     

Landscape evaluation of female black bear habitat effectiveness and capability in the North Cascades, Washington

We used logistic regression to derive scaled resource selection functions (RSFs) for female black bears at two study areas in the North Cascades Mountains. We tested the hypothesis that the influence of roads would result in potential habitat effectiveness (RSFs without the influence of roads) being greater than realized habitat effectiveness (RSFs with roads). Roads consistently had a negative influence on black bear RSFs across seasons and study areas. Roads reduced habitat effectiveness during all seasons at both study areas and changes in the potential habitat values ranged from 1.7% to 16.9%. The greatest reduction in habitat values occurred during the early-season on the west-side study area due to high open road densities. These results support the hypothesis that roads reduce habitat effectiveness for black bears. The influence of roads could be reduced through road closures to reduce open road densities and limit traffic volumes. We then used the scaled RSFs in a habitat-based population model to assess the influences of timber harvest and roads on potential black bear population sizes. On the west-side study area the potential black bear population size was most influenced by moderate use roads and timber harvest during the early-season (41% reduction). On the east-side study area, low use roads had the greatest effect on potential black bear population during the early-season (10% reduction). During the late-season, in both study areas, roads had less influence on the potential population sizes as bears were able to access habitats away from roads. The habitat-population model provided reasonable estimates of bear densities compared to other study areas with similar habitats and could be extrapolated to estimate potential black bear populations in other areas with similar habitats. This approach may provide a useful link between the landscape ecology and population biology of black bears, and could eventually be useful in the development of habitat-based population viability analyses.     

中国北方典型地区农用地膜污染现状调查及其防治对策

通过对我国北方典型地区的调查,初步探索了该地区土壤农膜残留量和残膜特征.研究表明,河北省典型地区温室大棚、蔬菜田和作物田的农膜土壤残留量平均分别为5.629、7.369和2.822 kg·hm-2,黑龙江省典型地区温室大棚、蔬菜田和作物田残留量平均分别为4.169、3.682和2.430 kg·hm-2,各采样点之间存在着较大差异,但普遍较高,均明显高于未使用农膜的对照土壤.两地区之间除作物田的土壤农膜残留量没有明显差异外,河北地区其他两类土壤中的农膜残留量水平明显高于黑龙江地区,这种差异与各地区在农事活动及农膜使用上的差异具有一定的相关性.上述两地区土壤中残留农膜尺寸基本一致,主要集中在10～15 cm之间.该文针对我国目前农膜使用情况及其污染现状,提出了相应的防治对策.